Probable Cause and Arrest by Private Citizens Essay Example for Free

Probable Cause and Arrest by Private Citizens Essay The US Constitution states that probable cause is a standard allowing police officers to make an arrest, to obtain a warrant and to conduct property search or personal search. Probable cause suggests that a person has already committed crime or about to do it. Actually, probable cause is situation when a person is reasonably suspected. Grant jury believes that a crime is committed and particular person is suspected. For example, if police officer reasonably suspects that that a person is illegally sells drugs, there is a probable cause to stop him and to conduct personal search. Nevertheless, it is necessary to underline that people are secured by the Constitution from unreasonable searches because it is violation of their human rights. It is necessary to note that probable cause is stronger than simply reasonable suspicion. (Schwegel 2006) Arrest by private citizens or citizen’s arrest is any arrest which is performed by a civilian person. Moreover, the arresting person may not be the citizen of the country where his actions are made. For example, North Caroline permits arrest by private citizens in case if citizens witnesses a felony crime and when a person is asked for help by police officers. Citizens may detain suspicious person is there is a probable cause for committing crime, breach of peace, or physical injuries to another person. In such situation arresting person is responsible for delivering the suspected person to police officer. US Constitution states that arrest is legal action, but it should avoid abusing power if evidence isn’t enough. Probable cause and arrest by private citizens are interrelated because probable cause is the ground for arresting person who has committed a felony or offense. Often suspects are released due to lack of evidence and, therefore, before arresting a police officer or civilian should consider whether there is a reasonable cause of making arrest. (Grossack 1994) Works Cited Schwegel, Theresa. Probable Cause. USA: St. Martin’s Minotaur, 2006. Grossack, David. Citizen’s Arrest. 1994. Available at http://www.constitution.org/grossack/arrest.htm   November 18, 2007.

Birth Order And The Effect On Your Personality Essay -- essays researc

Birth order and the effect it has on your personality Some parents often wonder, what, if any, effect birth order will have on their children’s personalities. Genetic factors and other influences play a significant role, but the birth order within the family plays a larger role in determining the personality of children. Countless academic studies say your place in the family is such a strong factor in developing your personality that it can have a major influence on the rest of your life. Alfred Adler, an Austrian psychiatrist and former disciple of Freud, acknowledge environmental influences such as social class, geographic origin and relationship with parents as factors in the development of personality. But it was birth order and relationship with siblings that was the single most reliable predictor of human nature (Udall). Joy Berthoud, author of â€Å"Pecking Order,† had read and been convinced by this and researched and confirmed it. â€Å"I am a journalist and wanted to stand it up myself,† she says. Hundreds of interviews later, she had her proof. â€Å"Without exception, everyone I spoke to displayed the characteristics of their position in the family pecking order.† There are many variables, she was quick to point out, dictated most notable by age gab and the gender of the children. â€Å"A girl with a sister two years her senior will be closer to the model of the second child than a girl with a brother ten years order, who might well display more of the characteristics of a first or only child† (Udall). Frank J. Sulloway, researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has studied the differences in sets of siblings throughout history. He recorded his findings in the book, â€Å"Born to Rebel: Birth Order, Family Dynamics and Creative Lives.† In almost every case Sulloway found that siblings seemed to seek different roles in the family. If the first child was feisty and active, and the second child would be significantly more likely to be quiet and sensitive and vice versa (Brazelton). Firstborns, Sulloway conclude, were likely to be more conforming and traditional, identifying with their parents’ power. In most cases, they were tough-minded and determined, driving toward success. They were likely to be responsib... ...intains, birth order is crucial ("Birth order and your child"). Birth order like every other factor in the development of the child, can and will differ from the norm for some children. You can have a child of any birth position who may or may not show the typical characteristics. â€Å"Birth order and your child.† Familylinks: At Parent and Child Guidance Center. 6 March 2001. Brazelton, Berry. â€Å"Why are siblings often so different?† The Washington Times, 4 February 2001, D1. Cook, Emma. â€Å"No more like you at home.† Independent on Sunday 12 January 1997, pp 7. â€Å"Parenting- Children.† CNN Health In-Depth. 6 March 2001. Payton, Chevonn. â€Å"Birth order may provide clues to understanding you kids.† The Kansas City Star 29 June 1999. Udall, Elizabeth. â€Å"How the family pecking order affects you.† Independent, 16 September 1996, pp 6,7. White, Donna Gehrke. â€Å"Birth order say more about your personality than many other determinants, a study finds.† The Miami Herald, 10 August 1999. Birth Order And The Effect On Your Personality Essay -- essays researc Birth order and the effect it has on your personality Some parents often wonder, what, if any, effect birth order will have on their children’s personalities. Genetic factors and other influences play a significant role, but the birth order within the family plays a larger role in determining the personality of children. Countless academic studies say your place in the family is such a strong factor in developing your personality that it can have a major influence on the rest of your life. Alfred Adler, an Austrian psychiatrist and former disciple of Freud, acknowledge environmental influences such as social class, geographic origin and relationship with parents as factors in the development of personality. But it was birth order and relationship with siblings that was the single most reliable predictor of human nature (Udall). Joy Berthoud, author of â€Å"Pecking Order,† had read and been convinced by this and researched and confirmed it. â€Å"I am a journalist and wanted to stand it up myself,† she says. Hundreds of interviews later, she had her proof. â€Å"Without exception, everyone I spoke to displayed the characteristics of their position in the family pecking order.† There are many variables, she was quick to point out, dictated most notable by age gab and the gender of the children. â€Å"A girl with a sister two years her senior will be closer to the model of the second child than a girl with a brother ten years order, who might well display more of the characteristics of a first or only child† (Udall). Frank J. Sulloway, researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has studied the differences in sets of siblings throughout history. He recorded his findings in the book, â€Å"Born to Rebel: Birth Order, Family Dynamics and Creative Lives.† In almost every case Sulloway found that siblings seemed to seek different roles in the family. If the first child was feisty and active, and the second child would be significantly more likely to be quiet and sensitive and vice versa (Brazelton). Firstborns, Sulloway conclude, were likely to be more conforming and traditional, identifying with their parents’ power. In most cases, they were tough-minded and determined, driving toward success. They were likely to be responsib... ...intains, birth order is crucial ("Birth order and your child"). Birth order like every other factor in the development of the child, can and will differ from the norm for some children. You can have a child of any birth position who may or may not show the typical characteristics. â€Å"Birth order and your child.† Familylinks: At Parent and Child Guidance Center. 6 March 2001. Brazelton, Berry. â€Å"Why are siblings often so different?† The Washington Times, 4 February 2001, D1. Cook, Emma. â€Å"No more like you at home.† Independent on Sunday 12 January 1997, pp 7. â€Å"Parenting- Children.† CNN Health In-Depth. 6 March 2001. Payton, Chevonn. â€Å"Birth order may provide clues to understanding you kids.† The Kansas City Star 29 June 1999. Udall, Elizabeth. â€Å"How the family pecking order affects you.† Independent, 16 September 1996, pp 6,7. White, Donna Gehrke. â€Å"Birth order say more about your personality than many other determinants, a study finds.† The Miami Herald, 10 August 1999.

Booting and Question

Question 1 Question1 You want to allow users to access the CD-RW device on your machine from any other host on the network via NFS. Further, you only want them to have read-only access to the device. Which line should you add to the /etc/exports file to allow this? a. /mnt /cdrom *(ro) b. /mnt /cdrom *(r) c. /mnt /cdrom * d. /mnt /cdrom Question 2 Which of the following files defines how FTP connection requests are processed by the TCP Wrapper? a. ftpusers b. inetd. conf c. ftpaccess d. xferlog Question 3 Which of the following devices would be the first SCSI hard disk on a Linux system? . /dev/sd0 b. /dev/sd1 c. /dev/sda d. /dev/sdb Question 4 With a umask value of 112, what are the default permissions assigned to newly created files? a. —x–x-wx b. -rw-rw-r– c. -r-xr-x-r– d. -rw-rw—- Question 5 You are installing Linux on a machine that has had a handful of other operating systems on it previously. During the installation, it becomes apparent that LILO cannot write to the master boot record because another boot loader is already there. What utility should you use to reinstall the MBR and remove what is already there? a. fsck /mbr b. fdisk /mbr . /etc/disktab /mbr d. /sbin/lilo /mbr Question 6 The former administrator of Mercury Technical is no longer employed there. You are the new administrator, but do not know the root password. If you boot into single user mode, you can change the root password, but what command must you give at a LILO prompt to be able to do this? a. linux single b. linux passwd c. linux 3 d. linux one Question 7 You wish to find all the three-letter files in the current directory that end with the letter y. What command should you use? a. ls *y b. ls *y* c. ls y d. ls y* Question 8 Karl has been loaned a machine from the lab to use in evaluating a project he is working on. He is told that there is a known problem on this machine with the ATAPI. Which of the following devices will this problem be most likely to affect? a. Modem b. Sound card c. Video display d. CD-ROM Question 9 Leroy must create a boot disk on his Red Hat workstation. Which utility can he use to accomplish this? a. makedisk b. mkbootdisk c. /sbin/lilo -b d. makeroot Question 10 Kristin is the DHCP administrator for her network. She needs to install the DHCP client software on a number of new machines that have arrived. What package should she install? a. pump b. Squid c. Apache d. Swatch Question 11 Which utility is available in many Linux implementations for use in configuring the sound card? a. sndadmin b. sndmin c. sndconfig d. radius Question 12 Which configuration file is used to identify where system messages are recorded? a. logrotate. conf b. syslog. conf c. conf. modules d. modules. conf Question 13 What search criteria would best be used to find the lines within the MERCURY file about â€Å"clients†? a. grep clients MERCURY b. find clients MERCURY c. sed clients MERCURY d. search clients MERCURY Question 14 Which of the files holds configuration information on how to manage terminal devices (respawn them)? a. /etc/initd b. /etc/inetd c. /etc/inittab d. /dev/inetd Question 15 Which of the following types of modems should be avoided for use with the Linux operating system? a. Internal PCI/ISA b. External Serial c. Winmodems d. Cable Question 16 By default, which of the following files would constitute the Apache document root? a. smb. conf b. httpd. conf c. apache. conf d. index. html Question 17 Which command can be used to rearrange the order of jobs in a spooling queue awaiting printing? . lpc b. lpstat c. lpq d. lpr Question 18 Which field of the /etc/passwd file holds the passwords for users? a. first b. second c. third d. fourth Question 19 It is 3:00 and you are late for a meeting. You need to start the qwerty utility before heading to the meeting so it will run for the next few hours and compile weekly system usage results. Currently you are logged in as a regular user, but the qw erty script requires root permission to run. How should you execute the script? a. su ; qwerty b. su qwerty c. su –c qwerty d. su : qwerty Question 20 Which file system can you not use with the mount utility? a. msdos b. coda c. autofs d. swap Question 21 Which of the following will set the variable DAY equal to FRIDAY? a. DAY FRIDAY b. DAY=FRIDAY c. DAY:FRIDAY d. $DAY FRIDAY Question 22 Which utility can be used to list modules, remove modules, and add modules? a. modprobe b. insmod c. rmmod d. depmod Question 23 A process with a PID number of 1777 has entered runaway mode. You have tried to remove it with a standard kill command, but it will not go away. What command can you use to be assured the process will terminate? a. ill –NOW 1777 b. kill –HUP 1777 c. kill –15 1777 d. kill –9 1777 Question 24 Which of the following runlevels will reboot the system? a. 0 b. 2 c. 4 d. 6 Question 25 You wish to extract an archive from a tape. The archive was created using tar, and you want to copy all the contents from the tape back to the system. What one option must you use with tar to accomplish this? a. c b. x c . v d. r Answers 1. A. The command needs to mount the CD drive (/mnt /cdrom) and make it available to all users (*) in read-only mode (ro). When combined together, this makes the command: /mnt /cdrom *(ro) . B. The /etc/inetd. conf file defines how FTP connection requests are processed by the TCP Wrapper. The /etc/ftpusers file is used to list users who cannot use FTP, whereas /etc/ftpaccess lists rules for users who can access FTP. The /var/log/xferlog holds information about file transfers that have occurred. 3. C. The first SCSI hard disk would be referenced as /dev/sda, while the second would be /dev/sdb, and so on. 4. C. The default permissions for newly created files are 666 (-rw-rw-rw-). The umask value is subtracted from the default, leaving a permission of 554 (-r-xr-xr–). 5. B. The fdisk utility is used to format the disk, and the /mbr option is used to wipe out and clean the existing master boot record. None of the other utilities listed have a /mbr option, making them all incorrect choices. 6. A. You must boot into single user mode at the LILO prompt, and the command to do such is linux single. 7. C. The question mark (? ) stands for any single character. Since you are looking only for three letter names, and you know the last letter to be a â€Å"y†, you must specify any two characters (by using two question marks), followed by the known letter ( y). 8. D. The ATAPI interface is used for devices such as IDE and EIDE. The most likely device within the choices presented to utilize such an interface is the CD-ROM. 9. B. The mkbootdisk utility (found in /sbin) is used to create the boot disk. 10. A. The pump package provides the DHCP/BOOTP client needed to obtain dynamic addresses from a DHCP server. Squid is a proxy package, whereas Apache is used to provide Web services. Swatch is a Perl script that is used to monitor log files. 11. C. The sndconfig utility is used to install and configure sound cards on Linux. 12. B. The /etc/syslog. onf file holds configuration information for system logging. 13. A. To look within a file for matching text, the grep utility is used. The syntax is: grep {what you are looking for} {where you are looking for it} 14. C. The /etc/inittab file holds the initialization table and states that terminal devices should be respawned when terminated (/etc/getty). 15. C. Winmodems use a portion of the Windows opera ting system to operate properly and are notoriously incompatible with most Linux implementations. 16. B. The default document root under Apache is the /etc/httpd/conf/httpd. conf file. 17. A. The lpc utility can be used to rearrange jobs awaiting printing as well as disable/enable a printer or queue and find the status of printers. 18. B. The first field of the /etc/passwd file is the username, while the second holds the password. The third field holds the unique ID number, and the fourth contains the group ID number. 19. C. The –c option with su will prompt you for the root user’s password. Once given, it will then run the command given as the root user. 20. D. The mount utility can be used with any supported filesystem (viewable from the man page for mount) except swap. 21. B. To set a variable equal to a value, merely type it using the syntax: variable=value 22. A. The modprobe command can be used with options to be able to list (-l) or remove modules (-r). By default, it is used to add modules. 23. D. The –9 signal is the most lethal, and will terminate the process immediately. All other signals are weaker than –9. There is no such signal as NOW (choice A). 24. D. Changing to a runlevel of 6 will take the system down and then bring it back up again – effectively performing a warm boot of the system. 25. B. The x option is used with tar to extract a file.

Persuasive Essay On Euthanasia - 811 Words

Euthanasia In present society Euthanasia is a very controversial topic and must be addressed carefully and thoughtfully out of the respect of others. It is a topic that for those who are undecided on what side to pick really do not know which way to swing until it impacts their life. Euthanasia roughly translates into â€Å"a good death†, so for those who chose to end their life by their own decision, and without them having to deal with pain or the inevitable long incurable diseases, then they should be allowed to do so with ease. Therefore, terminally ill patients should have the right to decide when they chose to die. However, under certain circumstances family members should and should not have the power to decide for a†¦show more content†¦Legalizing euthanasia strangely will save lives, as the procedure itself does the opposite but a study The New England Journal of Medicine did some research in 2005 found that â€Å"only 0.4 percent of all euthanasia procedures were carried out without the patient’s explicit permission.† (Der Heide). People may start arguing that 0.4 percent is a high percentage for this situation, however the 1991 report has a 0.8 percentage which was written a whole decade before euthanasia was in fact finally legalized. In other words, getting a green light nationwide for doctors to legally end their own patient’s lives dramatically halved the number of unwanted deaths by patients. Additionally, euthanasia strangely makes sense economically. Most people are stunned to learn that economics factored into their own life ending choices but it does. However, there’s no getting around the fact that Medicare is so expensive and it’s a very sad fact that, â€Å"One out of every four Medicare dollars, more than $125 billion, is spent on services for the 5% of beneficiaries in their last year of life. Yet even with Medicare or private insurance, you re likely to face a big bill: A recent Mount Sinai School of Medicine study found that out-of-pocket expenses for Medicare recipients during the five years before their death averaged about $39,000 for individuals, $51,000 for couples, and up to $66,000 for people withShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia Persuasive Essay1064 Words   |  5 PagesAn Avoidable Loss Death by choice or euthanasia is a very controversial subject that is typically one-sided. The very concept of death alone is somewhat a taboo, but controlling death itself is another monster. Death by choice or â€Å"euthanasia† should not be legalized because it promotes defeatism, may lead to the strict procedures to become more accessible to people with non-fatal illnesses, could legitimize murder, or pressure the elderly. When an unfortunate illness befalls, people have a tendencyRead MorePersuasive Essay Pro Euthanasia954 Words   |  4 PagesGrace (JiEun) Lee AP Language and composition Persuasive essay 6 October 2017 Euthanasia legalization The ultimate value of life depends upon awareness and the power of contemplation rather than upon mere survival. Aristotle Being one of the most fervid and controversial topic of all, euthanasia, also known as physician-assisted suicide, has initiated a very sensitive discussion on life and death under one’s ability to choose either side. Euthanasia is defined as a â€Å"the act or practice of killingRead MorePersuasive Essay on Euthanasia963 Words   |  4 PagesEuthanasia - The Right to Decide The definition of euthanasia from the Oxford Dictionary is: â€Å"The painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or is in an incurable coma.† Consider the words â€Å"suffering,† â€Å"painful,† â€Å"irreversible† and â€Å"incurable.† These words describe a patients terrible conditions and prospects. Euthanasia is known as â€Å"mercy killing† for a reason, it is the most, humane, moral and logical form of treatment available to patients that have no hopeRead MorePersuasive Essay On Euthanasia973 Words   |  4 PagesEuthanasia, more commonly known as mercy killing, is the action of killing someone in order to end their suffering. This is a way for patients with terminal illnesses to die a peaceful death rather than a painful one; however, it is illegal throughout most of the United States. People have debated for many years whether or not Euthanasia in people should be legal. In the Bible, Exodus 20:13 states that â€Å"Thou shalt not kill.† This verse brings people to believe that mercy killing is an act of defianceRead MorePersuasive Essay Euthanasia1446 Words   |  6 PagesEuthanasia: A Legal Murder According the Merriam-Webster dictionary, Euthanasia is â€Å"the act or practice of killing or permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured individuals (such as persons or domestic animals) in a relatively painless way for reasons of mercy. This procedure seems appealing to the many people around the world who suffer from terminal illnesses. In the minds of these people euthanasia or doctor-assisted suicide seems like the only escape. As stated in a journal, â€Å"My friendRead MorePersuasive Essay On Euthanasia1430 Words   |  6 Pageswould that answer change if you were suffering? Euthanasia, also known as â€Å"good death,† is the act of putting a living thing to death painlessly or allowing them to die by withholding extreme medical practices, such as withholding food. Then there is involuntary euthanasia: â€Å"a competent person’s life is brought to an end despite an explicit rejection of euthanasia† as stated by Robert Young, the author of Med ically Assisted Death. In the case of euthanasia, many people will argue that it is murder, butRead MorePersuasive Essay On Euthanasia737 Words   |  3 Pageswith no hope of ever leaving their hospital bed, death may seem like a blessing. Euthanasia is the practise of intentionally ending a life to relieve pain or suffering, a practise which is yet to be legalised in too many countries for being seen as illegal and immoral-which is ridiculous. A terminally ill patient or those suffering from deteriorating progressive conditions should always have the option of euthanasia. If possible, everyone would choose a quick and dignified death when the time comesRead MorePersuasive Essay On Euthanasia730 Words   |  3 Pages Euthanasia is sometimes referred to a â€Å"mercy killing.† This controversial topic has been debated for decades. Some argue that euthanasia causes more harm than good, and with modern medicine it is simply unnecessary. Others argue that it is an act of mercy sparing a suffering individual from days, weeks, or months of unnecessary pain and anguish. However, there are moral and ethical questions surrounding euthanasia. It could be argued that killing of any kind is murder. No matter the situation orRead MoreFor Euthanasia Persuasive Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pagespain and suffering. Euthanasia is a word that most people avoid because it is very controversial. But why? Euthanasia is a way of ending the prolonging of suffering, while leaving life in peace. Euthanasia is derived from the Greeks where Eu means good and Thanatos means death. When these phrases are combined the word euthanasia is created; meaning â€Å"good death† (6.) There are three types of euthana sia although only two are authentic forms. The first type is active euthanasia. It is described asRead MoreEuthanasia Persuasive Essay1577 Words   |  7 Pagespainful clutch. Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide are two ways to end the life of a person. Euthanasia is the act or practice of killing or permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured individuals (as persons or domestic animals) in a relatively painless way for reasons of mercy (Merriam-Webster), also defined by the Oxford dictionary as the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma. In places where euthanasia is allowed, it